pods/exec Should Not Be Granted To Broad Subjects

Manual Steps

List all Roles/ClusterRoles that grant create on pods/exec
Run on: any machine with kubectl access

kubectl get roles,clusterroles --all-namespaces -o json \
| jq '
  [ .items[]
    | select(any(.rules[]?;
        (any(.resources[]?; . == "pods/exec" or . == "*"))
        and (any(.verbs[]?; . == "create" or . == "*"))))
    | {kind, namespace: (.metadata.namespace // ""), name: .metadata.name}
  ]'

Identify “broad” bindings to those Roles/ClusterRoles
Run on: any machine with kubectl access

{ kubectl get roles,clusterroles --all-namespaces -o json
  kubectl get rolebindings,clusterrolebindings --all-namespaces -o json
} | jq -rs '
  .[0] as $roles | .[1] |
  def broad: ["system:authenticated","system:unauthenticated","system:anonymous","system:serviceaccounts"];
  [ $roles.items[]
    | select(any(.rules[]?;
        (any(.resources[]?; . == "pods/exec" or . == "*"))
        and (any(.verbs[]?; . == "create" or . == "*"))))
    | { kind: .kind, ns: (.metadata.namespace // ""), name: .metadata.name } ] as $execRoles
  | [ .items[]
    | .kind as $kind | .metadata as $m | .roleRef as $ref
    | select(any($execRoles[];
        .name == $ref.name and .kind == $ref.kind
        and (.ns == "" or .ns == ($m.namespace // ""))))
    | ((.subjects // [])[] | select(.name as $n | broad | index($n)))
    | { bindingKind: $kind,
        namespace: ($m.namespace // ""),
        bindingName: $m.name,
        roleRefKind: $ref.kind,
        roleRefName: $ref.name,
        subjectKind: .kind,
        subjectName: .name }
  ]'

Review and decide which broad bindings must be removed or replaced
Run on: any machine with kubectl access
- For each listed binding, determine which specific human users or service accounts truly need pods/exec and document that set.
- Plan to delete the broad binding and create new bindings only to those named identities.
Remove a non‑justified broad binding to pods/exec
Run on: any machine with kubectl access
- For a ClusterRoleBinding:
  kubectl delete clusterrolebinding <BINDING_NAME>
- For a RoleBinding (namespace‑scoped):
  kubectl delete rolebinding <BINDING_NAME> -n <NAMESPACE>

Create least‑privilege bindings for named subjects that actually need exec
Run on: any machine with kubectl access

Example: bind an existing ClusterRole that includes pods/exec only to a specific user:

kubectl create clusterrolebinding allow-exec-to-alice \
  --clusterrole=<EXEC_CLUSTERROLE_NAME> \
  --user=alice@example.com

Example: bind to a single service account in a namespace:

kubectl create rolebinding allow-exec-to-deployer \
  --role=<EXEC_ROLE_NAME> \
  --serviceaccount=app-namespace:deployer-sa \
  -n app-namespace

Verify that no broad subjects are granted create on pods/exec
Run on: any machine with kubectl access

{ kubectl get roles,clusterroles --all-namespaces -o json
  kubectl get rolebindings,clusterrolebindings --all-namespaces -o json
} | jq -rs '
  .[0] as $roles | .[1] |
  def broad: ["system:authenticated","system:unauthenticated","system:anonymous","system:serviceaccounts"];
  [ $roles.items[]
    | select(any(.rules[]?;
        (any(.resources[]?; . == "pods/exec" or . == "*"))
        and (any(.verbs[]?; . == "create" or . == "*"))))
    | { kind: .kind, ns: (.metadata.namespace // ""), name: .metadata.name } ] as $execRoles
  | [ .items[]
    | .kind as $kind | .metadata as $m | .roleRef as $ref
    | select(any($execRoles[];
        .name == $ref.name and .kind == $ref.kind
        and (.ns == "" or .ns == ($m.namespace // ""))))
    | ((.subjects // [])[] | select(.name as $n | broad | index($n)))
    | "kind=\($kind)"
      + (if ($m.namespace // "") == "" then "" else " ns=\($m.namespace)" end)
      + " name=\($m.name) uid=\($m.uid) apiVersion=rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1"
      + (if ($m.creationTimestamp // "") == "" then "" else " created=\($m.creationTimestamp)" end)
      + " subject=\(.name) roleRef=\($ref.kind)/\($ref.name) grants=pods/exec is_compliant=false"
  ] as $rows
  | if ($rows | length) == 0 then "is_compliant=true" else $rows[] end'

Confirm the output is is_compliant=true.

Using kubectl

On any machine with kubectl access:

Identify the offending bindings and roles

kubectl get rolebindings,clusterrolebindings --all-namespaces -o wide
kubectl get roles,clusterroles --all-namespaces -o yaml | grep -A10 "pods/exec"

Inspect a specific flagged binding and its role

Replace the names from the audit output accordingly:

# Example: inspect a ClusterRoleBinding
kubectl get clusterrolebinding exec-access-binding -o yaml

# Example: inspect the referenced ClusterRole
kubectl get clusterrole exec-access-role -o yaml

Remove broad subjects from the binding

Edit the binding so that subjects like system:authenticated, system:unauthenticated, system:anonymous, and system:serviceaccounts are removed and replaced with a small set of named human users or dedicated groups.

# ClusterRoleBinding
kubectl edit clusterrolebinding exec-access-binding

# RoleBinding (namespace-scoped)
kubectl edit rolebinding exec-access-binding -n <namespace>

In the editor, adjust subjects from something like:

subjects:
- kind: Group
  name: system:authenticated
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io

to something like:

subjects:
- kind: User
  name: alice@example.com
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
- kind: User
  name: bob@example.com
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io

Make sure no remaining subject has name equal to any of: system:authenticated, system:unauthenticated, system:anonymous, system:serviceaccounts.

If needed, remove pods/exec from a shared ClusterRole

If a ClusterRole is broadly bound and you cannot safely constrain the subjects, move pods/exec into a dedicated, tightly bound role.a) Remove pods/exec from the shared ClusterRole:

kubectl edit clusterrole shared-role-with-exec

In the editor, delete or narrow any rule that includes pods/exec or resources: ["*"] with verbs: ["create"] (or "*"), unless it is strictly needed for that broad audience.b) Create a dedicated ClusterRole and bind only specific operators:

cat <<'EOF' | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: pods-exec-operators
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["pods/exec"]
  verbs: ["create"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: pods-exec-operators-binding
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: pods-exec-operators
subjects:
- kind: User
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  name: alice@example.com
- kind: User
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  name: bob@example.com
EOF

Verification

Run the same style of check to confirm no broad subjects are granted create on pods/exec:

{ kubectl get roles,clusterroles --all-namespaces -o json \
  kubectl get rolebindings,clusterrolebindings --all-namespaces -o json; } | jq -rs '
  .[0] as $roles | .[1] |
  def broad: ["system:authenticated","system:unauthenticated","system:anonymous","system:serviceaccounts"];
  [ $roles.items[]
    | select(any(.rules[]?;
        (any(.resources[]?; . == "pods/exec" or . == "*"))
        and (any(.verbs[]?; . == "create" or . == "*"))))
    | { kind: .kind, ns: (.metadata.namespace // ""), name: .metadata.name } ] as $execRoles
  | [ .items[]
    | .kind as $kind | .metadata as $m | .roleRef as $ref
    | select(any($execRoles[];
        .name == $ref.name and .kind == $ref.kind
        and (.ns == "" or .ns == ($m.namespace // ""))))
    | ((.subjects // [])[] | select(.name as $n | broad | index($n)))
    | "kind=\($kind)"
      + (if ($m.namespace // "") == "" then "" else " ns=\($m.namespace)" end)
      + " name=\($m.name) uid=\($m.uid) apiVersion=rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1"
      + (if ($m.creationTimestamp // "") == "" then "" else " created=\($m.creationTimestamp)" end)
      + " subject=\(.name) roleRef=\($ref.kind)/\($ref.name) grants=pods/exec is_compliant=false"
  ] as $rows
  | if ($rows | length) == 0 then "is_compliant=true" else $rows[] end'

Automation

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Fix CBP C2.3: tighten ClusterRoleBindings/RoleBindings that grant create on pods/exec
# Scope: run from any machine with kubectl access and current-context set to target GKE cluster.

set -euo pipefail

# --- Configurable allowlist of subjects that ARE allowed to have pods/exec ---
# Format: kind:name (kind is one of: User, Group, ServiceAccount)
# Example entries:
#   User:alice@example.com
#   Group:devops
#   ServiceAccount:exec-operator
ALLOWED_SUBJECTS=(
  # Add your approved human operators or specific SAs here
  # Example:
  # "User:alice@example.com"
)

allowed_subject() {
  local kind="$1" name="$2" s
  for s in "${ALLOWED_SUBJECTS[@]}"; do
    if [[ "$s" == "${kind}:${name}" ]]; then
      return 0
    fi
  done
  return 1
}

require_cmd() {
  command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1 || { echo "Missing required command: $1" >&2; exit 1; }
}

require_cmd kubectl
require_cmd jq

echo "Discovering Roles/ClusterRoles that grant create on pods/exec ..."

# Collect roles/clusterroles and bindings once
roles_json="$(kubectl get roles,clusterroles --all-namespaces -o json)"
bindings_json="$(kubectl get rolebindings,clusterrolebindings --all-namespaces -o json)"

# Compute execRoles (namespaced and cluster-wide)
exec_roles_json="$(
  jq -r '
    [ .items[]
      | select(any(.rules[]?;
          (any(.resources[]?; . == "pods/exec" or . == "*"))
          and (any(.verbs[]?; . == "create" or . == "*"))))
      | { kind: .kind, ns: (.metadata.namespace // ""), name: .metadata.name }
    ]' <<<"$roles_json"
)"

if [[ "$(jq 'length' <<<"$exec_roles_json")" -eq 0 ]]; then
  echo "No Roles/ClusterRoles grant create on pods/exec; nothing to change."
else
  echo "Found $(jq 'length' <<<"$exec_roles_json") Roles/ClusterRoles granting pods/exec."
fi

# Extract violating bindings: those that bind execRoles to "broad" subjects
violating_bindings_json="$(
  jq -r --argjson execRoles "$exec_roles_json" '
    def broad: ["system:authenticated","system:unauthenticated","system:anonymous","system:serviceaccounts"];
    [ .items[]
      | .kind as $kind | .metadata as $m | .roleRef as $ref
      | select(any($execRoles[];
          .name == $ref.name and .kind == $ref.kind
          and (.ns == "" or .ns == ($m.namespace // ""))))
      | . as $b
      | ((.subjects // [])[]
         | select(.name as $n | broad | index($n))
         | { bindingKind: $kind,
             bindingNS: ($m.namespace // ""),
             bindingName: $m.name,
             subjectKind: .kind,
             subjectName: .name })
    ]' <<<"$bindings_json"
)"

if [[ "$(jq 'length' <<<"$violating_bindings_json")" -eq 0 ]]; then
  echo "No bindings grant pods/exec to broad subjects; cluster is already compliant."
else
  echo "Processing $(jq 'length' <<<"$violating_bindings_json") violating subject bindings..."
fi

# Group by binding (kind/ns/name) and patch them
mapfile -t bindings < <(jq -r '
  map(.bindingKind + "|" + .bindingNS + "|" + .bindingName) | unique[]' \
  <<<"$violating_bindings_json")

for b in "${bindings[@]}"; do
  IFS='|' read -r bKind bNS bName <<<"$b"
  ns_arg=()
  [[ -n "$bNS" ]] && ns_arg=( -n "$bNS" )

  echo "Inspecting $bKind $([[ -n "$bNS" ]] && echo "$bNS/")$bName ..."

  # Get full binding
  b_json="$(kubectl get "$bKind" "${ns_arg[@]}" "$bName" -o json)"

  # Build new subjects array:
  # - drop broad subjects
  # - keep any non-broad subjects that are in ALLOWED_SUBJECTS
  new_subjects="$(
    jq --argjson vb "$violating_bindings_json" '
      def broad: ["system:authenticated","system:unauthenticated","system:anonymous","system:serviceaccounts"];
      . as $orig
      | .subjects // [] 
      | map(
          if (.name as $n | broad | index($n)) then
            empty      # drop all broad subjects
          else
            # only keep explicitly allowed non-broad subjects (optional gate)
            (if (.kind and .name) then
               .kind + ":" + .name
             else
               ""
             end) as $id
            | if $id == "" then empty
              else $id
              end
          end
        )
      ' <<<"$b_json"
  )"

  # Reconstruct subjects list from allowed IDs
  if [[ -z "$new_subjects" ]]; then
    # Could happen if there were only broad subjects and no allowed ones
    subject_array="[]"
  else
    subject_array="$(
      jq -n --argjson ids "$new_subjects" '
        [ $ids[]
          | capture("(?<kind>[^:]+):(?<name>.+)")
          | {kind: .kind, name: .name}
        ]'
    )"
  fi

  # Additionally, preserve any existing specific subjects that were not broad,
  # regardless of ALLOWED_SUBJECTS, to avoid over-revocation.
  preserved_specific="$(
    jq '
      def broad: ["system:authenticated","system:unauthenticated","system:anonymous","system:serviceaccounts"];
      (.subjects // [])
      | map(select(.name as $n | (broad | index($n)) | not))
    ' <<<"$b_json"
  )"

  # Merge: preserved_specific ∪ subject_array, keyed by kind+name (idempotent)
  merged_subjects="$(
    jq -n --argjson a "$preserved_specific" --argjson b "$subject_array" '
      ( ($a + $b)
        | (map({ key: (.kind + ":" + .name), value: . }) | from_entries) )
      | [.[]]
    '
  )"

  # If merged_subjects is empty, we effectively remove all subjects from the binding,
  # which strips access but keeps the object; this is safe and idempotent.
  tmp_patch="$(mktemp)"
  cat >"$tmp_patch" <<EOF
{"subjects": $merged_subjects}
EOF

  echo "Patching $bKind $([[ -n "$bNS" ]] && echo "$bNS/")$bName to remove broad subjects..."
  kubectl patch "$bKind" "${ns_arg[@]}" "$bName" --type=merge -p "$(cat "$tmp_patch")" >/dev/null

  rm -f "$tmp_patch"
done

echo "Re-running compliance check..."

{ kubectl get roles,clusterroles --all-namespaces -o json
  kubectl get rolebindings,clusterrolebindings --all-namespaces -o json
} | jq -rs '
  .[0] as $roles | .[1] |
  def broad: ["system:authenticated","system:unauthenticated","system:anonymous","system:serviceaccounts"];
  [ $roles.items[]
    | select(any(.rules[]?;
        (any(.resources[]?; . == "pods/exec" or . == "*"))
        and (any(.verbs[]?; . == "create" or . == "*"))))
    | { kind: .kind, ns: (.metadata.namespace // ""), name: .metadata.name } ] as $execRoles
  | [ .items[]
    | .kind as $kind | .metadata as $m | .roleRef as $ref
    | select(any($execRoles[];
        .name == $ref.name and .kind == $ref.kind
        and (.ns == "" or .ns == ($m.namespace // ""))))
    | ((.subjects // [])[] | select(.name as $n | broad | index($n)))
    | "kind=\($kind)"
      + (if ($m.namespace // "") == "" then "" else " ns=\($m.namespace)" end)
      + " name=\($m.name) uid=\($m.uid) apiVersion=rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1"
      + (if ($m.creationTimestamp // "") == "" then "" else " created=\($m.creationTimestamp)" end)
      + " subject=\(.name) roleRef=\($ref.kind)/\($ref.name) grants=pods/exec is_compliant=false"
  ] as $rows
  | if ($rows | length) == 0 then "is_compliant=true" else $rows[] end'

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pods/exec Should Not Be Granted To Broad Subjects

More Info:

Risk Level

Address

Compliance Standards

Triage and Remediation

Remediation

​More Info:

​Risk Level

​Address

​Compliance Standards

​Triage and Remediation

​Remediation